-Mechanical causes of Impotence.

Mechanical causes of Impotence
"Hope"

Huge bilateral hydrocele or inguinal hernia.
Morbid Obesity.
Penile carcinoma.
Peyrone's disease(fibrotic scar of tunica alibuginea surrounding corpora cavernosa resulting in curvature of penis in erection)
Elephantiasis of penis or scrotum.

Dr Ibrahim

-Predisposing factors of genital candidosis in female.

Predisposing factors of genital candidosis in female

"Charge"

Chemotherapeutics(Antibiotics or immunosuppressive drugs).
Hormonal effect(e.g steroids,contraceptive pills and pregnancy)
Severe Anaemia or other debilitating diseases.
Reinfection from an infected male.
Glucosuria(Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy).
Excessive humidity (wearing of nylon tights).

Dr Ibrahim

-Deep tendon reflex grading.

Deep tendon reflex grading

Grade(-):- Absent.
Grade(+):- Hypoactive(Weak).
Grade(++):- Normal(Average).
Grade(+++):- Hyperactive without clonus or moderate exaggeration without clonus.
Grade(++++):- Hyperactive with clonus or marked exaggeration with clonus.

Dr Ibrahim

 

Return to list of medical grades (click here) 

-Causes of sudden complete loss of vision.

Causes of sudden complete loss of vision

"March"

Malingeres.
Amaurosis fugax.
Rupture globe(painful)
Central retinal artery occulsion(painless).
Hysteria.

Dr Ibrahim

-Effect of blunt trauma on optic nerve.

Effect of blunt trauma on optic nerve
"Heat"

Hemorrhage of the optic nerve sheaths.
Edema of the optic nerve with hypotony.
Avulsion of the optic nerve with twisting injuries.
Traumatic optic atrophy usually of primary type due to ischemia due to rupture of the capillaries.

Dr Ibrahim

-Differential diagnosis of of leukocoria in infants.

Differential diagnosis of of (white pupil)leukocoria in infants
"predict"

• Presistent hyperplastic primary vitreous:congenital anomaly with fibrosis of anterior vitreous so there is opacity behind the lens.
• Retinoblastoma(the most important cause).
• Retinopathy of prematurity:- due to exposure of premature infants to high oxygen concentration in incubators with subsequent fibrosis and tractional retinal detatchment.
• Endopthalmitis.
• Dysplasia of retina.
• Inflammatory cyclitic membrane:- a membrane of exudate lie behind the lens.
• Congenital Cataract (the most common cause).
• Coat's disease:-unilateral extensive leakage from the retinal vessels resulting in large massses of subretinal lipids.
• Toxocariasis.

Dr Ibrahim

-Cuases of chronic catarrhal conjuctivitis.

Cuases of chronic catarrhal conjuctivitis
"Legs"

Local irritation with rubbing lashes.
Error of refraction.
General irritation with dust,smoke,wind or heat.
Sequelae of acute conjuctivitis.

Dr Ibrahim